Which scientist studies the origin, history, and structure of Earth?

The study of the origin, history, and structure of Earth is the primary focus of a geologist. Geologists explore various aspects of the Earth, including its composition, the processes that shape it, and the changes it undergoes over time. This encompasses studying rocks, minerals, and the physical processes such as plate tectonics, erosion, and sedimentation that influence the planet's landscape. Through this exploration, geologists gather insights into Earth's past environments and the factors that have contributed to its current state.

In contrast, paleontologists specialize in the study of fossils and ancient life forms, which can provide clues about Earth's history but do not encompass the entirety of Earth's structure. Archaeologists focus on human history and prehistory through material remains, while anthropologists study humans and their societies, cultures, and biological aspects, not specifically the Earth's geological features. Thus, the role of a geologist is central to understanding Earth's origins and structure.